5 Pola Passive Voice di Structure TOEFL ITP: Was Wrote atau Was Written?
Passive voice di Structure TOEFL ITP: 5 pola seperti be + V3, has been, modal pasif, dan being + V3. Was wrote atau was written? Lengkap dengan kuis.
“The letter was wrote by Tom” atau “The letter was written by Tom”? Kelihatannya sepele, tapi pilihan V2 vs V3 seperti ini adalah jebakan klasik di Structure TOEFL® ITP.
Passive voice (kalimat pasif) dipakai ketika subjeknya dikenai tindakan, bukan melakukan. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, cirinya awalan “di-”: ditulis, diumumkan, dibangun. Dalam bahasa Inggris, rumusnya selalu melibatkan be + V3 (past participle).
Berikut 5 pola passive voice yang paling sering muncul, beserta jebakannya.
Aktif vs Pasif dalam Satu Contoh
Aktif: Tom wrote the letter. (Tom menulis surat itu.)
Pasif: The letter was written by Tom. (Surat itu ditulis oleh Tom.)
Objek kalimat aktif (the letter) pindah menjadi subjek, lalu kata kerjanya berubah menjadi be + V3. Bentuk be-nya mengikuti tenses kalimat aktif. Kalau butuh penyegaran soal tenses, baca panduan 12 tenses, dan untuk bentuk-bentuk be ada panduan to be.
Pola 1: Rumus Dasar Be + V3
Pola: subjek + is / am / are / was / were + V3
The letter was written by Tom.
❌ The letter was wrote by Tom.
✅ The letter was written by Tom.
Setelah be dalam kalimat pasif, selalu V3, bukan V2. Untuk kata kerja beraturan, V2 dan V3 sama (announced, finished), jadi jebakan ini biasanya memakai kata kerja tidak beraturan: wrote/written, took/taken, gave/given, began/begun, chose/chosen, broke/broken.
Pola 2: Jangan Hilangkan Be
Pola: subjek + be + V3 (be tidak boleh hilang)
The results were announced yesterday.
❌ The results announced yesterday.
✅ The results were announced yesterday.
Ini jebakan yang sering tidak disadari. Kalimat tanpa were tampak seperti kalimat aktif: “hasilnya mengumumkan kemarin”, padahal hasil tidak bisa mengumumkan apa pun. Karena announced bentuk V2 dan V3-nya sama, kesalahannya mudah terlewat.
Tanda bahayanya: subjek benda + V3/V2 tanpa be, dan tidak ada objek. Tanyakan: “Apakah subjek ini bisa melakukan tindakannya sendiri?” Kalau tidak, kalimatnya butuh be.
Catatan: V3 tanpa be bisa benar kalau ia bukan kata kerja utama, misalnya The results announced yesterday were surprising (bentuk ringkas dari which were announced). Di sini kata kerja utamanya were.
Pola 3: Has / Have Been + V3 (Sudah Dikerjakan)
Pola: subjek + has / have been + V3
The bridge has been built.
(Jembatan itu sudah dibangun.)
❌ The bridge has been build.
✅ The bridge has been built.
Ini bentuk pasif dari present perfect. Bedakan:
- The company has built a bridge. = aktif (perusahaan membangun)
- The bridge has been built. = pasif (jembatan dibangun)
Pasangan has/have juga harus cocok dengan subjeknya: The bridge has been built, The bridges have been built.
Pola 4: Modal + Be + V3
Pola: can / must / will / should + be + V3
The work must be finished today.
(Pekerjaan itu harus diselesaikan hari ini.)
❌ The work must finished today.
✅ The work must be finished today.
Setelah modal, selalu pakai be bentuk dasar, bukan is, are, atau was. Jadi must is finished juga salah.
Contoh lain:
The form should be submitted before Friday.
The problem can be solved easily.
Pola 5: Being + V3 (Sedang Dikerjakan)
Pola: is / are / was / were + being + V3
The road is being repaired now.
(Jalan itu sedang diperbaiki sekarang.)
❌ The road is repairing now.
✅ The road is being repaired now.
The road is repairing berarti “jalan itu sedang memperbaiki”, dan itu tidak masuk akal. Jalan tidak bisa memperbaiki dirinya sendiri, jadi butuh bentuk pasif progresif.
Ringkasan
| Tenses | Aktif | Pasif |
|---|---|---|
| Simple past | Tom wrote the letter. | The letter was written. |
| Present perfect | They have built the bridge. | The bridge has been built. |
| Modal | We must finish the work. | The work must be finished. |
| Present continuous | They are repairing the road. | The road is being repaired. |
Pegangan utama: be (dalam bentuk apa pun) + V3.
Kuis Cepat
Pilih bentuk yang tepat:
- The museum ___ in 1920. (built / was built)
- All applications must ___ by email. (send / be sent)
- The new library ___ at the moment. (is building / is being built)
- The prize was ___ to the youngest participant. (gave / given)
Jawaban:
- was built (museum dibangun, tidak membangun).
- be sent (modal + be + V3).
- is being built (sedang dibangun).
- given (setelah was, pakai V3).
Latihan Structure dengan Pembahasan
Passive voice sering digabung dengan jebakan lain, seperti subject-verb agreement atau tenses, jadi kamu perlu latihan soal yang bervariasi.
Di Kawan EPT (dulu Kawan TOEFL) ada materi Grammar 33 topik dengan alur Learn, Drill, dan Master, lebih dari 7.400 soal dengan pembahasan tiap pilihan jawaban, dan Weakness Drill yang mengulang topik yang paling sering kamu salah. Coba juga simulasi lengkap 140 soal untuk melihat estimasi skor 310 sampai 677. Gratis di Google Play Store.